An Implementation of Social Norms Approach in Tax Morale Studies in Malaysia

Pelaksanaan Pendekatan Norma Sosial dalam Kajian Moral Cukai di Malaysia

Authors

  • Teh Suhaila Tajuddin International Islamic University College Selangor
  • Izlawanie Muhammad USIM
  • Noor Suhaila Shaharuddin KUIS

Keywords:

Tax morale, Social norms, Personal norms, Descriptive norms, Injunctive norms, Subjective norms

Abstract

In response to recent calls on a topic that has garnered the significant interest of many researchers in various disciplines, the social norms approach is used to explain factors that motivate taxpayers to comply with tax laws. Several theories attempt to explain the factors that drive the tax morale of taxpayers. Still, a substantial body of research found that social norms theory could provide an explanation about why some taxpayers might comply with tax laws while others do not. However, studies found mixed findings and relationships, and it is still not clear what factors motivate tax morale. This paper aims to explain the implementation of the social norms approach from previous studies, mainly on the relationship between personal norms, descriptive norms, injunctive norms, subjective norms, and tax morale. This paper presents a review of studies from social norms theoretical lens. The findings reveal that the social norms theory provides a suitable theoretical basis to explore tax morale. Indeed, all the factors until now identified as determinants of tax morale can be categorised as either internalised (personal norms) or externalised (descriptive norms, injunctive norms and subjective norms). The outcome calls for a more nuanced understanding of the effect of internal and external social norms dimensions on tax morale and how these norms emerged from the interactions with others and, consequently, affect tax morale. The significant contribution of this paper is that determining what drives tax morale can greatly assist governments in designing tax policies and their administration, particularly in developing countries where compliance rates are low. This is the first study that adopted the social norms theory to explain the factors that influence tax morale from four different norms taxonomies.

Sebagai tindak balas terkini ke atas topik yang telah menarik minat ramai penyelidik dalam pelbagai bidang, pendekatan norma sosial digunakan untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mendorong pembayar cukai untuk mematuhi undang-undang cukai. Sejumlah teori cuba menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mendorong moral pembayar cukai, tetapi sejumlah besar kajian mendapati bahawa teori norma sosial dapat memberikan penjelasan tentang mengapa beberapa pembayar cukai mungkin mematuhi undang-undang cukai sementara yang lain tidak. Kajian mendapati penemuan dan hubungan yang bercampur-campur, dan masih belum jelas apakah faktor yang mendorong moral cukai. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan pelaksanaan pendekatan norma sosial dari kajian-kajian lepas terutamanya mengenai hubungan antara norma peribadi, norma deskriptif, norma perintah dan norma subjektif dan moral cukai. Kajian ini membentangkan tinjauan kajian dari lensa teori norma sosial. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa teori norma sosial memberikan asas teori yang sesuai untuk meneroka moral cukai. Sememangnya, semua faktor yang sampai sekarang dikenal pasti sebagai penentu moral cukai dapat dikategorikan samaada faktor internalisasi (norma peribadi) atau eksternalisasi (norma deskriptif, norma injunksi dan norma subjektif). Kajian ini menyeru penyelidik kepada pemahaman yang jelas bukan sahaja dimensi-dimensi pengaruh norma sosial dalaman dan luaran terhadap moral cukai; tetapi juga bagaimana norma-norma ini muncul dari interaksi dengan orang lain dan akhirnya mempengaruhi moral cukai. Sumbangan utama kajian ini adalah menentukan faktor-faktor yang mendorong moral cukai dimana akan dapat membantu pihak kerajaaan dalam merancang dasar cukai dan pentadbirannya, terutama di negara-negara membangun di mana kadar kepatuhan rendah. Ini adalah kajian awal yang pertama kali mengadaptasi teori norma sosial untuk menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi moral cukai dari empat taksonomi norma yang berbeza.

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Published

2021-11-30

How to Cite

Tajuddin, T. S., Muhammad, I. ., & Shaharuddin, N. S. . (2021). An Implementation of Social Norms Approach in Tax Morale Studies in Malaysia: Pelaksanaan Pendekatan Norma Sosial dalam Kajian Moral Cukai di Malaysia. Journal of Management and Muamalah , 11(2), 132 - 144. Retrieved from https://jmm.uis.edu.my/index.php/jurnal/article/view/109